Contenuto dell'articolo principale
Abstract
Introduzione: La strutturazione dell’immagine sociale dell’infermiere è soggetta ad articolati processi di influenza in cui i media sono fondamentali. Poiché gli italiani per informarsi utilizzano i quotidiani, questi rappresentano una fonte appropriata per analizzare l’immagine dell’infermiere che la letteratura delinea come un fenomeno dinamico che può cambiare in situazioni diverse. L’attenzione mediatica verso l’infermiere durante l’emergenza COVID 19 rappresenta, quindi, una situazione significativa in cui analizzare quale immagine dell’infermiere sia emersa. Metodo: Content Analysis con approccio induttivo, con l’obiettivo di analizzare l’immagine dell’infermiere negli articoli di quotidiani nazionali e locali pubblicati dal 30 gennaio al 18 maggio 2020. Una triangolazione tra i due ricercatori ha garantito la qualità dell’analisi dei dati. Risultati: Sono stati individuati cinque temi. Rischio per il benessere psico-fisico dell’infermiere. Il farsi carico e la relazione umana nonostante le barriere. Riconoscimento degli attributi di professionalità. Incertezza sulla continuità dell’importanza del ruolo sociale emerso. Lodi agli infermieri che vogliono essere solo sé stessi. L’accordo tra i ricercatori nei temi presenta un’alpha di Krippendorff tra α=0.713 α=0.985. Conclusioni: L’interesse mediatico ha fatto emergere la competenza dell’infermiere nell’assistere le persone con COVID 19, ma ha delineato solo tracce e non un’analisi approfondita di un’immagine contemporanea dell’infermiere, particolarmente in relazione a ruoli di leadership. L’apprezzamento manifestato ha richiamato stereotipi positivi e non, questi fanno emergere la superficialità e fragilità del fenomeno mediatico rispetto ad un consolidamento positivo della percezione sociale dell’infermiere.
Dettagli dell'articolo
Riferimenti
- Angeli, F. (Ed.). (2020). I media e la costruzione dell’identità. In 16° rapporto sulla communicazione. Roma: Fondazione Censis.
- Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, (2), 8–14.
- Bennett, C., James, A., & Kelly, D. (2020). Beyond tropes: Towards a new image of nursing in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15–16), 2753–2755.
- Clayton-Hathway, K., Griffiths, H., Shutz, S., Humbert, A., & Mcilroy, R. (2020). Gender and nursing as a profession: Valuing nurses and paying them their worth. Royal College of Nursing.
- Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. SAGE Open Access, 4(1).
- Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115.
- Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
- Gagliardi, G. (2018). Inter-annotator agreement in linguistica: Una rassegna critica. 1–7. Torino.
- Girving, J., Jackson, D., & Hutchinson, M. (2016). Contemporary public perceptions of nursing: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the international research evidence. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(8), 994–1006.
- Gradellini, C., Idamou, S., & Lusetti, S. (2013). L’infermieristica tra etica ed estetica. La professione descritta dai media. Professioni Infermieristiche, 66(1), 32–38.
- Graneheim, U., Lindgren, B., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56(May), 29–34.
- Grasselli, G., Zangrillo, A., Zanella, A., Antonelli, M., Cabrini, L., Castelli, A., … Pesenti, A. (2020). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(16), 1574–1581.
- Greenwood, E. (1957). Attributes of a profession. Social Work (United States), 2(3), 45–55.
- Hall, L., Angus, J., Peter, E., O’Brien-Pallas, L., Wynn, F., & Donner, G. (2003). Media portrayal of nurses’ perspectives and concerns in the SARS crisis in Toronto. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(3), 211–216.
- Hayes, A., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89.
- Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. (2015). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
- Kalisch, B., Begeny, S., & Neumann, S. (2007). The image of the nurse on the internet. Nursing Outlook, 55(4), 182–188.
- Kalisch, B., & Kalisch, P. (1981). Communicating clinical nursing issues through the newspapers. Nursing Research, 30(3), 132–138.
- Kelly, J., Fealy, G., & Watson, R. (2012). The image of you: Constructing nursing identities in YouTube. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(8), 1804–1813.
- Koo, M., & Lin, S. (2016). The image of nursing: A glimpse of the internet. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 13(4), 496–501.
- Leininger, M. (2007). Letter to the Editor. Nursing Outlook, 55(6), 271.
- Lolli, A. (1992). La professione infermieristica. In Management infermieristico (pp. 1–23). Torino: UTET.
- McCain, G. (1988). Content analysis: A method for studying clinical nursing problems. Applied Nursing Research, 1(3), 146–147.
- Mcgillis Hall, L., & Kashin, J. (2016). Public Understanding of the Role of Nurses During Ebola. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 91–97.
- Miller, K., & Cummings, G. (2009). Gifted and talented students’ career aspirations and influences: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 6(1).
- Montanari, P., Dante, A., Guarinoni, M., Petrucci, C., & Lancia, L. (2017). The nursing image in Italy: An analysis of the historic archive of a national newspaper. Professioni Infermieristiche, 67(1), 49–54.
- Norwood, S. (2001). The invisibility of Advance Practice Nurses in Popular Magazines. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 13(3), 129–133.
- Rezaei-Adaryani, M., Salsali, M., & Mohammadi, E. (2012). Nursing image: An evolutionary concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 43(1), 81–89.
- Rubbi, I., Cremonini, V., Artioli, G., Lenzini, A., Talenti, I., & Caponnetto, V. (2017). The Public perception of nurses. An Italian cross-sectional study. Acta BioMedica, 88(5), 31–38.
- Sheng, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Cai, C. (2020). The influence of experiences of involvement in the COVID-19 rescue task on the professional identity among Chinese nurses: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management, 00(1), 1–8.
- Tichenor, P., Donohue, G., & Olien, C. (1970). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(2), 159–170.
- Weaver, R., Salomonson, Y., Koch, J., & Jackson, D. (2013). Nursing on Television; Student perceptions of television’s role in public image, recruitment and education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(12), 2635–2643.
Riferimenti
Angeli, F. (Ed.). (2020). I media e la costruzione dell’identità. In 16° rapporto sulla communicazione. Roma: Fondazione Censis.
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, (2), 8–14.
Bennett, C., James, A., & Kelly, D. (2020). Beyond tropes: Towards a new image of nursing in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15–16), 2753–2755.
Clayton-Hathway, K., Griffiths, H., Shutz, S., Humbert, A., & Mcilroy, R. (2020). Gender and nursing as a profession: Valuing nurses and paying them their worth. Royal College of Nursing.
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. SAGE Open Access, 4(1).
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115.
Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.
Gagliardi, G. (2018). Inter-annotator agreement in linguistica: Una rassegna critica. 1–7. Torino.
Girving, J., Jackson, D., & Hutchinson, M. (2016). Contemporary public perceptions of nursing: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the international research evidence. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(8), 994–1006.
Gradellini, C., Idamou, S., & Lusetti, S. (2013). L’infermieristica tra etica ed estetica. La professione descritta dai media. Professioni Infermieristiche, 66(1), 32–38.
Graneheim, U., Lindgren, B., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56(May), 29–34.
Grasselli, G., Zangrillo, A., Zanella, A., Antonelli, M., Cabrini, L., Castelli, A., … Pesenti, A. (2020). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(16), 1574–1581.
Greenwood, E. (1957). Attributes of a profession. Social Work (United States), 2(3), 45–55.
Hall, L., Angus, J., Peter, E., O’Brien-Pallas, L., Wynn, F., & Donner, G. (2003). Media portrayal of nurses’ perspectives and concerns in the SARS crisis in Toronto. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(3), 211–216.
Hayes, A., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89.
Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. (2015). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
Kalisch, B., Begeny, S., & Neumann, S. (2007). The image of the nurse on the internet. Nursing Outlook, 55(4), 182–188.
Kalisch, B., & Kalisch, P. (1981). Communicating clinical nursing issues through the newspapers. Nursing Research, 30(3), 132–138.
Kelly, J., Fealy, G., & Watson, R. (2012). The image of you: Constructing nursing identities in YouTube. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(8), 1804–1813.
Koo, M., & Lin, S. (2016). The image of nursing: A glimpse of the internet. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 13(4), 496–501.
Leininger, M. (2007). Letter to the Editor. Nursing Outlook, 55(6), 271.
Lolli, A. (1992). La professione infermieristica. In Management infermieristico (pp. 1–23). Torino: UTET.
McCain, G. (1988). Content analysis: A method for studying clinical nursing problems. Applied Nursing Research, 1(3), 146–147.
Mcgillis Hall, L., & Kashin, J. (2016). Public Understanding of the Role of Nurses During Ebola. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(1), 91–97.
Miller, K., & Cummings, G. (2009). Gifted and talented students’ career aspirations and influences: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 6(1).
Montanari, P., Dante, A., Guarinoni, M., Petrucci, C., & Lancia, L. (2017). The nursing image in Italy: An analysis of the historic archive of a national newspaper. Professioni Infermieristiche, 67(1), 49–54.
Norwood, S. (2001). The invisibility of Advance Practice Nurses in Popular Magazines. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 13(3), 129–133.
Rezaei-Adaryani, M., Salsali, M., & Mohammadi, E. (2012). Nursing image: An evolutionary concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 43(1), 81–89.
Rubbi, I., Cremonini, V., Artioli, G., Lenzini, A., Talenti, I., & Caponnetto, V. (2017). The Public perception of nurses. An Italian cross-sectional study. Acta BioMedica, 88(5), 31–38.
Sheng, Q., Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Cai, C. (2020). The influence of experiences of involvement in the COVID-19 rescue task on the professional identity among Chinese nurses: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management, 00(1), 1–8.
Tichenor, P., Donohue, G., & Olien, C. (1970). Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34(2), 159–170.
Weaver, R., Salomonson, Y., Koch, J., & Jackson, D. (2013). Nursing on Television; Student perceptions of television’s role in public image, recruitment and education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(12), 2635–2643.