Contenuto dell'articolo principale
Abstract
INTRODUZIONE: L’infermiere scolastico è una figura che oggi è presente in molti Paesi del mondo. Il suo contributo all’interno delle scuole è descritto in letteratura soprattutto per quanto attiene la gestione delle patologie croniche e gli interventi di educazione sanitaria. La pandemia da Sars-CoV2 che sta imperversando ha obbligato molti stati alla chiusura delle scuole, implicando grossi problemi di tipo psico-sociale. La riapertura delle scuole è una grande sfida, a tal proposito questo lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di valutare la letteratura che individua la figura dell’infermiere scolastico come punto di forza nel contenimento della diffusione di malattie contagiose e le azioni che possono essere efficaci a tale scopo.
METODI: È stata condotta una revisione integrativa della letteratura interrogando le principali banche dati medico-infermieristiche internazionali, sono stati inclusi tutti gli articoli di ricerca, sono stati esclusi editoriali e lettere. Lo screening dei risultati è stato condotto in cieco da due ricercatori.
RISULTATI: Sono stati inclusi 10 articoli dei quali la principale finalità era descrivere casi di outbreak e strategie per la loro gestione. I maggiori interventi infermieristici evidenziati sono la sorveglianza, la segnalazione del caso, educazione, gestione dei rapporti con le famiglie, collaborazione con altre figure professionali.
DISCUSSIONE: Sebbene la letteratura individuata sia risultata quantitativamente scarsa, in essa è ben chiaro come l’infermiere scolastico sia centrale nella sorveglianza sindromica, nel ruolo educativo, nella presa di decisioni, nella gestione clinica, nella collaborazione con il team di esperti e nella gestione della comunicazione.
Parole chiave
Dettagli dell'articolo
Riferimenti
- Agolory, S. G., Barbot, O., Averhoff, F., Weiss, D., Wilson, E., Egger, J., . . . Kahn, E. (2013). Implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions by New York City public schools to prevent 2009 influenza A. PLoS One, 8(1), e50916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050916
- Anastassopoulou, C., Spanakis, N., & Tsakris, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall. Future Microbiol. doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0195
- Baker, C. J. (2011). Help make your school a flu-free zone. NASN School Nurse, 26(6), 364-367. doi:10.1177/1942 602X11421348
- (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2006). Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children--Nebraska, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55(27), 749-752.
- (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2008). Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school--District of Columbia, February 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56(51-52), 1340-1343.
- Chau, N. V. V., Thanh Lam, V., Thanh Dung, N., Yen, L. M., Minh, N. N. Q., Hung, L. M., . . . group, O. C.-r. (2020). The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa711
- Faherty, L. J., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Uzicanin, A., & Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). School and preparedness officials' perspectives on social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic: Considerations to guide future work. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100871. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100871
- Fantini, M. P., Reno, C., Biserni, G. B., Savoia, E., & Lanari, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the re-opening of schools: a policy maker's dilemma. Ital J Pediatr, 46(1), 79. doi:10.1186/s13052-020-00844-1
- Flaherty, E. A. (2020). School Nursing and Public Health: The Case for School Nurse Investigators and Contact Tracing Monitors of COVID-19 Patients in Massachusetts. NASN School Nurse, 1942602X20950670. doi:10.1177/194 2602X20950670
- Fritz, S. A., Long, M., Gaebelein, C. J., Martin, M. S., Hogan, P. G., & Yetter, J. (2012). Practices and procedures to prevent the transmission of skin and soft tissue infections in high school athletes. J Sch Nurs, 28(5), 389-396. doi:10.1177/1059840512442899
- Galemore, C. A. (2016). Too Busy for TB: Managing a Case of Tuberculosis Disease in the School Setting. NASN Sch Nurse, 31(2), 83-89. doi:10.1177/1942602X16628194
- Gomez, E. B. (2008). Lessons learned from an elementary school norovirus outbreak. J Sch Nurs, 24(6), 388-397. doi:10.1177/1059840508324069
- Guarinoni, M.G., & Dignani, L. (in press)Effectiveness of the school nurse role in increasing the vaccination coverage rate: a narrative review
- Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. Am J Infect Control, 30(4), 217-220. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.120366
- H1N1 and the role of the Rhode Island certified school nurse-teachers. (2011). NASN Sch Nurse, 26(1), 22-23. doi:10.1177/1942602X10390371
- Harding, L., Davison-Fischer, J., Bekaert, S., & Appleton, J. V. (2019). The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud, 92, 60-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.017
- Isik, E., & Isik, I. S. (2019). Asthma care coordination in schools by school nurses: An integrative literature review. Public Health Nurs, 36(4), 498-506. doi:10.1111/phn.12610
- Levin, D. (2020). Nurses Are on the Virus Front Lines. But Many Schools Don’t Have One. The New York Times Aug. 20, 2020 Disponibile in: [11 settembre 2020]
- Loconsole, D., Caselli, D., Centrone, F., Morcavallo, C., Campanella, S., Aricò, M., & Chironna, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children in Southern Italy: A Descriptive Case Series. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). doi:10.3390/ijerph17176080
- Lopez, A. S., LaClair, B., Buttery, V., Zhang, Y., Rosen, J., Taggert, E., . . . Marin, M. (2019). Varicella Outbreak Surveillance in Schools in Sentinel Jurisdictions, 2012-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 8(2), 122-127. doi:10.1093/jpids/piy010
- Magalnick, H., Mazyck, D., & Health, A. A. o. P. C. o. S. (2008). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1052-1056. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0382
- McDonald, C. C. (2020). Reopening Schools in the Time of Pandemic: Look to the School Nurses. J Sch Nurs, 36(4), 239-240. doi:10.1177/1059840520937853
- McNickle, L., & Olympia, R. P. (2020). School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: Infectious Diseases Popularized in the News. NASN Sch Nurse, 35(4), 212-216. doi:10.1177/1942602X20921426
- Nandrup-Bus, I. (2009). Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control, 37(10), 820-826. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.012
- Nasrullah, M., Breiding, M. J., Smith, W., McCullum, I., Soetebier, K., Liang, J. L., . . . Averhoff, F. (2012). Response to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 among public schools of Georgia, United States--fall 2009. Int J Infect Dis, 16(5), e382-390. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.010
- National Association of School Nurses. Definition of School Nursing. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of School Nurses; 1999. Available at: www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabi 57. Accessed August 16, 2020
- Patestos, C., Patterson, K., & Fitzsimons, V. (2014). Substance abuse prevention: the role of the school nurse across the continuum of care. NASN Sch Nurse, 29(6), 310-314. doi:10.1177/1942602x14542655
- Pbert, L., Druker, S., DiFranza, J. R., Gorak, D., Reed, G., Magner, R., . . . Osganian, S. (2011). Effectiveness of a school nurse-delivered smoking-cessation intervention for adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(5), 926-936. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0520
- Pourabbasi, A., Shirvani, M. E., & Khashayar, P. (2012). Sickness absenteeism rate in Iranian schools during the 2009 epidemic of type a influenza. J Sch Nurs, 28(1), 64-69. doi:10.1177/1059840511420262
- Ramos, M. M., Schrader, R., Trujillo, R., Blea, M., & Greenberg, C. (2011). School nurse inspections improve handwashing supplies. J Sch Health, 81(6), 355-358. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00602.x
- Rosen, B. L., DiClemente, R., Shepard, A. L., Wilson, K. L., & Fehr, S. K. (2017). Factors associated with school nurses' HPV vaccine attitudes for school-aged youth. Psychol Health Med, 22(5), 535-545. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1173710
- Schoessler, S. Z. (2004). Treating and managing head lice: the school nurse perspective. Am J Manag Care, 10(9 Suppl), S273-276.
- Sheetz, A. H. (2010). The H1N1 pandemic: Did school nurses assume a leadership role? Some thoughts on leadership. NASN Sch Nurse, 25(3), 108-109. doi:10.1177/1942602 X10363733
- Stefanowicz, A., & Stefanowicz, J. (2018). The Role of a School Nurse in the Care of a Child with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - The Perspectives of Patients and their Parents: Literature Review. Zdr Varst, 57(3), 166-174. doi:10.2478/sjph-2018-0021
- Tucker, S., & Lanningham-Foster, L. M. (2015). Nurse-Led School-Based Child Obesity Prevention. J Sch Nurs, 31(6), 450-466. doi:10.1177/1059840515574002
- Weng, T. C., Chan, T. C., Lin, H. T., Chang, C. K., Wang, W. W., Li, Z. R., . . . King, C. C. (2015). Early detection for cases of enterovirus- and influenza-like illness through a newly established school-based syndromic surveillance system in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122865
- Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs, 52(5), 546-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
- Wilson, E. L., Egger, J. R., Konty, K. J., Paladini, M., Weiss, D., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2014). Description of a school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system and comparison to emergency department visits, New York City. Am J Public Health, 104(1), e50-56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411
Riferimenti
Agolory, S. G., Barbot, O., Averhoff, F., Weiss, D., Wilson, E., Egger, J., . . . Kahn, E. (2013). Implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions by New York City public schools to prevent 2009 influenza A. PLoS One, 8(1), e50916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050916
Anastassopoulou, C., Spanakis, N., & Tsakris, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall. Future Microbiol. doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0195
Baker, C. J. (2011). Help make your school a flu-free zone. NASN School Nurse, 26(6), 364-367. doi:10.1177/1942 602X11421348
(CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2006). Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children--Nebraska, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55(27), 749-752.
(CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. (2008). Norovirus outbreak in an elementary school--District of Columbia, February 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56(51-52), 1340-1343.
Chau, N. V. V., Thanh Lam, V., Thanh Dung, N., Yen, L. M., Minh, N. N. Q., Hung, L. M., . . . group, O. C.-r. (2020). The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa711
Faherty, L. J., Schwartz, H. L., Ahmed, F., Zheteyeva, Y., Uzicanin, A., & Uscher-Pines, L. (2019). School and preparedness officials' perspectives on social distancing practices to reduce influenza transmission during a pandemic: Considerations to guide future work. Prev Med Rep, 14, 100871. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100871
Fantini, M. P., Reno, C., Biserni, G. B., Savoia, E., & Lanari, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the re-opening of schools: a policy maker's dilemma. Ital J Pediatr, 46(1), 79. doi:10.1186/s13052-020-00844-1
Flaherty, E. A. (2020). School Nursing and Public Health: The Case for School Nurse Investigators and Contact Tracing Monitors of COVID-19 Patients in Massachusetts. NASN School Nurse, 1942602X20950670. doi:10.1177/194 2602X20950670
Fritz, S. A., Long, M., Gaebelein, C. J., Martin, M. S., Hogan, P. G., & Yetter, J. (2012). Practices and procedures to prevent the transmission of skin and soft tissue infections in high school athletes. J Sch Nurs, 28(5), 389-396. doi:10.1177/1059840512442899
Galemore, C. A. (2016). Too Busy for TB: Managing a Case of Tuberculosis Disease in the School Setting. NASN Sch Nurse, 31(2), 83-89. doi:10.1177/1942602X16628194
Gomez, E. B. (2008). Lessons learned from an elementary school norovirus outbreak. J Sch Nurs, 24(6), 388-397. doi:10.1177/1059840508324069
Guarinoni, M.G., & Dignani, L. (in press)Effectiveness of the school nurse role in increasing the vaccination coverage rate: a narrative review
Guinan, M., McGuckin, M., & Ali, Y. (2002). The effect of a comprehensive handwashing program on absenteeism in elementary schools. Am J Infect Control, 30(4), 217-220. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.120366
H1N1 and the role of the Rhode Island certified school nurse-teachers. (2011). NASN Sch Nurse, 26(1), 22-23. doi:10.1177/1942602X10390371
Harding, L., Davison-Fischer, J., Bekaert, S., & Appleton, J. V. (2019). The role of the school nurse in protecting children and young people from maltreatment: An integrative review of the literature. Int J Nurs Stud, 92, 60-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.017
Isik, E., & Isik, I. S. (2019). Asthma care coordination in schools by school nurses: An integrative literature review. Public Health Nurs, 36(4), 498-506. doi:10.1111/phn.12610
Levin, D. (2020). Nurses Are on the Virus Front Lines. But Many Schools Don’t Have One. The New York Times Aug. 20, 2020 Disponibile in: [11 settembre 2020]
Loconsole, D., Caselli, D., Centrone, F., Morcavallo, C., Campanella, S., Aricò, M., & Chironna, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children in Southern Italy: A Descriptive Case Series. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). doi:10.3390/ijerph17176080
Lopez, A. S., LaClair, B., Buttery, V., Zhang, Y., Rosen, J., Taggert, E., . . . Marin, M. (2019). Varicella Outbreak Surveillance in Schools in Sentinel Jurisdictions, 2012-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 8(2), 122-127. doi:10.1093/jpids/piy010
Magalnick, H., Mazyck, D., & Health, A. A. o. P. C. o. S. (2008). Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. Pediatrics, 121(5), 1052-1056. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0382
McDonald, C. C. (2020). Reopening Schools in the Time of Pandemic: Look to the School Nurses. J Sch Nurs, 36(4), 239-240. doi:10.1177/1059840520937853
McNickle, L., & Olympia, R. P. (2020). School Nurses on the Front Lines of Healthcare: Infectious Diseases Popularized in the News. NASN Sch Nurse, 35(4), 212-216. doi:10.1177/1942602X20921426
Nandrup-Bus, I. (2009). Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control, 37(10), 820-826. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.012
Nasrullah, M., Breiding, M. J., Smith, W., McCullum, I., Soetebier, K., Liang, J. L., . . . Averhoff, F. (2012). Response to 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 among public schools of Georgia, United States--fall 2009. Int J Infect Dis, 16(5), e382-390. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.010
National Association of School Nurses. Definition of School Nursing. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of School Nurses; 1999. Available at: www.nasn.org/Default.aspx?tabi 57. Accessed August 16, 2020
Patestos, C., Patterson, K., & Fitzsimons, V. (2014). Substance abuse prevention: the role of the school nurse across the continuum of care. NASN Sch Nurse, 29(6), 310-314. doi:10.1177/1942602x14542655
Pbert, L., Druker, S., DiFranza, J. R., Gorak, D., Reed, G., Magner, R., . . . Osganian, S. (2011). Effectiveness of a school nurse-delivered smoking-cessation intervention for adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(5), 926-936. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0520
Pourabbasi, A., Shirvani, M. E., & Khashayar, P. (2012). Sickness absenteeism rate in Iranian schools during the 2009 epidemic of type a influenza. J Sch Nurs, 28(1), 64-69. doi:10.1177/1059840511420262
Ramos, M. M., Schrader, R., Trujillo, R., Blea, M., & Greenberg, C. (2011). School nurse inspections improve handwashing supplies. J Sch Health, 81(6), 355-358. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00602.x
Rosen, B. L., DiClemente, R., Shepard, A. L., Wilson, K. L., & Fehr, S. K. (2017). Factors associated with school nurses' HPV vaccine attitudes for school-aged youth. Psychol Health Med, 22(5), 535-545. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1173710
Schoessler, S. Z. (2004). Treating and managing head lice: the school nurse perspective. Am J Manag Care, 10(9 Suppl), S273-276.
Sheetz, A. H. (2010). The H1N1 pandemic: Did school nurses assume a leadership role? Some thoughts on leadership. NASN Sch Nurse, 25(3), 108-109. doi:10.1177/1942602 X10363733
Stefanowicz, A., & Stefanowicz, J. (2018). The Role of a School Nurse in the Care of a Child with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - The Perspectives of Patients and their Parents: Literature Review. Zdr Varst, 57(3), 166-174. doi:10.2478/sjph-2018-0021
Tucker, S., & Lanningham-Foster, L. M. (2015). Nurse-Led School-Based Child Obesity Prevention. J Sch Nurs, 31(6), 450-466. doi:10.1177/1059840515574002
Weng, T. C., Chan, T. C., Lin, H. T., Chang, C. K., Wang, W. W., Li, Z. R., . . . King, C. C. (2015). Early detection for cases of enterovirus- and influenza-like illness through a newly established school-based syndromic surveillance system in Taipei, January 2010 ~ August 2011. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122865. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122865
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs, 52(5), 546-553. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
Wilson, E. L., Egger, J. R., Konty, K. J., Paladini, M., Weiss, D., & Nguyen, T. Q. (2014). Description of a school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system and comparison to emergency department visits, New York City. Am J Public Health, 104(1), e50-56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411