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Abstract
Riassunto
Introduzione. Attualmente sono pochi gli studi che indagano la capacití empatica nella popolazione infermieristica. Obiettivo di questo studio è analizzare la capacití empatica degli infermieri che prestano servizio in area medica in relazione a genere, etí , formazione e anzianití di servizio. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio è di tipo descrittivo-osservazionale, su un campione di 60 infermieri. Lo strumento utilizzato per la valutazione dell'empatia è la scala di valutazione JSPE (versione HP) costituita da 20 item, in cui gli intervistati indicano il loro accordo o disaccordo con una scala Likert a 7 punti. Il range di valori possibili è da 20 a 140: il punteggio più alto corrisponde a una maggiore capacití empatica. Il questionario ha dimostrato la validití e l'affidabilití della versione italiana del JSPE con un coefficiente alfa di Cronbach di 0,85. Il punteggio Il livello di significativití statistica accettato è pari a P ≤ 0,05. Risultati. La media della capacití empatica dei professionisti intervistati è risultata di 104/140. Dai dati analizzati, emerge che con l'aumentare degli anni di servizio alla professione si verifica una diminuzione dell'empatia cosí¬ come il permanere nello stesso reparto provoca una diminuzione empatica. Inoltre è emersa una maggiore empatia degli infermieri della neurologia rispetto alla medicina generale. Conclusioni. Lo studio evidenzia come i professionisti abbiano necessití di incrementare la capacití empatica soprattutto col trascorrere degli anni di esercizio alla professione. Probabilmente come meccanismo di difesa, il professionista tende a proteggersi dal coinvolgimento emotivo, favorendo le attivití di natura più tecnico-gestuale, piuttosto che relazionale.
Parole chiave: empatia, cura, infermieri.
Abstract
Introduction. There are very few studies that investigate the capacity for empathy in nursing population. The aim of this study is to analyze the capacity for empathy of nurses serving in the surgical area in relation to gender, age, education and length of service. Materials and methods. The study is descriptive-observational, on a sample of 60 nurses. The instrument used for the assessment of empathy is the rating scale JSPE (HP version) consists of 20 items, where respondents indicate their agreement or disagreement with a 7-point Likert scale. The range of possible values is from 20 to 140: the higher score corresponds to a greater capacity for empathy The questionnaire has demonstrated the validity and reliability of the Italian version of JSPE with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85.The level of statistical significance accepted is equal to P ≤ 0.05. Results. The average capacity for empathy professionals surveyed was found to be 104/140. From the data analyzed, it is clear that with increasing years of service to the profession there is a decrease of empathy as well as continuing in the same department causes a decrease in empathy. Also showed a greater empathy of nurses compared to the general practice of neurology. Conclusions. The study shows that professionals would need to increase the capacity for empathy especially with the passing of the years of service to the profession. Probably as a defense mechanism, the practitioner tends to protect themselves from emotional involvement, supporting activities of a more technical gestures, rather than relational.
Keywords: empathy, care, nurses.
Dettagli dell'articolo
Riferimenti
- Albiero, P., Matricardi, G. (2008). Che cos'è l'empatia. Roma: Carocci editore.
- Anfossi, M., Verlato, M.L, Zucconi, A. (2008). Guarire o curare? Comunicazione ed empatia in medicina. Molfetta: Edizione la Meridiana.
- Arigliani, R., Gilardi, R. (2005). Il counselling in Medicina generale: la ricerca di un rapporto empatico, RMP 19-28.
- Bellet, P.S., Malloney, M.J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. JAMA, 2;266(13), 1831-2.
- Di Lillo, M., Cicchetti, A., Lo Scalzo, A., Taroni, F., Hojat, M. (2009). The Jefferson scale of physician empathy: preliminary psychometrics and group comparisons in Italian physicians. Academic Medicine, 84(9), 1198-1202.
- Faye, A., Kalra, G., Swamy, R., Shukla, A., Subramanyam, A., Kamath, R. (2011). Study of emotional intelligence and empathy in medical postgraduates. Indian J Psychiatry, 53(2),140-4.
- Fields, S.K., Mahan, P., Tillman, P., Harris, J., Maxwell, K., Hojat, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcare profession students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: health provider--student version. J Interprof Care, 25(4),287-93.
- Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2002). Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (9), 1563-9.
- Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2002b) Empathy in medical students as related to accademic performance, clinical competence, and gender. Medical Education, 36, 522-527.
- Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2004). An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school. Medical Education, 38, 934-41.
- Hojat, M. (2007). Empathy in patient care. New York: Springer.
- Hojat, M., Zuckerman, M., Magee, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T., Vergare, M., Gonnella, J.S. (2005). Empathy in medical students as related to specialty interest, personality, and perceptions of mother and father. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1205–15.
- Hojat, M., Spandorfer, J., Louis, D.Z., Gonnella, J.S. (2011). Empathic and sympathetic orientations toward patient care: conceptualization, measurement, and psychometrics. Acad Med, 86(8), 989-95.
- Kataoka, H.U., Koide, N., Ochi, K., Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S. (2009). Measurement of empathy among Japanese medical students: psychometrics and score differences by gender and level of medical education. Acad Med, 84(9),1192-7.
- Libba, R.M. (2007). Empathy and empathic communication: nursing student perceptions of program effectiveness, academic experiences, and competence. Auburn University, 4, 10.
- Polizzi, R (2011). La formazione del medico per una migliore relazione empatica con il paziente. Roma: Associazione italiana formatori.
- Sobel, D.S. (2000). The cost effectiveness of clinical behavioral medicine. Journal of American Medical Associations, 284:1705.
- Wheeler, K., Barrett, E.A.M. (1994). Review and synthesis of selected nursing studies on teaching empathy and implications for nursing research and education. Nursing Outlook, 42 (5), 230–6.
- Wheeler, K., Marrett, E.A.M., Lahey, E.M. (1996). A study of empathy as a nursing care outcome measure. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 3 (1), 281–9.
- Wirk, W.C., Thomas, A.H. (1982). A brief in service training strategy to increase levels of empathy of psychiatric nursing personnel. J psychiart Treat Eval, 4, 177-9.
Riferimenti
Albiero, P., Matricardi, G. (2008). Che cos'è l'empatia. Roma: Carocci editore.
Anfossi, M., Verlato, M.L, Zucconi, A. (2008). Guarire o curare? Comunicazione ed empatia in medicina. Molfetta: Edizione la Meridiana.
Arigliani, R., Gilardi, R. (2005). Il counselling in Medicina generale: la ricerca di un rapporto empatico, RMP 19-28.
Bellet, P.S., Malloney, M.J. (1991). The importance of empathy as an interviewing skill in medicine. JAMA, 2;266(13), 1831-2.
Di Lillo, M., Cicchetti, A., Lo Scalzo, A., Taroni, F., Hojat, M. (2009). The Jefferson scale of physician empathy: preliminary psychometrics and group comparisons in Italian physicians. Academic Medicine, 84(9), 1198-1202.
Faye, A., Kalra, G., Swamy, R., Shukla, A., Subramanyam, A., Kamath, R. (2011). Study of emotional intelligence and empathy in medical postgraduates. Indian J Psychiatry, 53(2),140-4.
Fields, S.K., Mahan, P., Tillman, P., Harris, J., Maxwell, K., Hojat, M. (2011). Measuring empathy in healthcare profession students using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: health provider--student version. J Interprof Care, 25(4),287-93.
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2002). Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (9), 1563-9.
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2002b) Empathy in medical students as related to accademic performance, clinical competence, and gender. Medical Education, 36, 522-527.
Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S., Mangione, S., Nasca, T.J., Veloski, J.J., Erdmann, J., Callahan, C.A., Magee, M. (2004). An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school. Medical Education, 38, 934-41.
Hojat, M. (2007). Empathy in patient care. New York: Springer.
Hojat, M., Zuckerman, M., Magee, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T., Vergare, M., Gonnella, J.S. (2005). Empathy in medical students as related to specialty interest, personality, and perceptions of mother and father. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1205–15.
Hojat, M., Spandorfer, J., Louis, D.Z., Gonnella, J.S. (2011). Empathic and sympathetic orientations toward patient care: conceptualization, measurement, and psychometrics. Acad Med, 86(8), 989-95.
Kataoka, H.U., Koide, N., Ochi, K., Hojat, M., Gonnella, J.S. (2009). Measurement of empathy among Japanese medical students: psychometrics and score differences by gender and level of medical education. Acad Med, 84(9),1192-7.
Libba, R.M. (2007). Empathy and empathic communication: nursing student perceptions of program effectiveness, academic experiences, and competence. Auburn University, 4, 10.
Polizzi, R (2011). La formazione del medico per una migliore relazione empatica con il paziente. Roma: Associazione italiana formatori.
Sobel, D.S. (2000). The cost effectiveness of clinical behavioral medicine. Journal of American Medical Associations, 284:1705.
Wheeler, K., Barrett, E.A.M. (1994). Review and synthesis of selected nursing studies on teaching empathy and implications for nursing research and education. Nursing Outlook, 42 (5), 230–6.
Wheeler, K., Marrett, E.A.M., Lahey, E.M. (1996). A study of empathy as a nursing care outcome measure. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research, 3 (1), 281–9.
Wirk, W.C., Thomas, A.H. (1982). A brief in service training strategy to increase levels of empathy of psychiatric nursing personnel. J psychiart Treat Eval, 4, 177-9.