Contenuto dell'articolo principale
Abstract
In the first part of this article, we introduced methodological issues associated with study design, research questions, contexts, sampling, and recruiting for qualitative health research studies. Here, in this second part of the article, we continue providing health researchers with information on how to design a qualitative health research study and we aim to prepare novice researchers for entering the field. Specifically, by providing considerations for selecting data gathering strategies, differentiation of types of qualitative data and practical tips on how to go into the field. Then, we will briefly discuss data management, analysis and dissemination.
Keywords: Research Methodology, Qualitative Research, Qualitative Health Research, Research Design, Data gathering, Data analysis.
Come disegnare uno studio di ricerca sanitaria qualitativa. Parte 2: Considerazioni su generazione e analisi dei dati
Nella prima parte di questo articolo, abbiamo introdotto questioni metodologiche associate alla progettazione dello studio, domande di ricerca, contesto, campionamento e reclutamento per studi di ricerca qualitativa sanitaria. In questa seconda parte dell'articolo, continuiamo a fornire ai ricercatori della salute informazioni su come progettare uno studio di ricerca qualitativa sanitaria e ci proponiamo di preparare i ricercatori alle prime armi per andare sul campo. In particolare, fornendo considerazioni per la selezione della strategia di raccolta dati, differenziazione dei tipi di dati qualitativi e consigli pratici su come andare sul campo. Dopodiché, discuteremo brevemente la gestione, l'analisi e la diffusione dei dati.
Parole Chiave: Metodologia della ricerca, Ricerca Qualitativa, Ricerca Sanitaria Qualitativa, Disegni di Ricerca, Raccolta Dati, Analisi dei dati
Dettagli dell'articolo
Riferimenti
- Abildgaard, M. S. (2018). My whole life in telephones: material artifacts as interview elicitation devices. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1609406918797795. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918797795
- Bailey, J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: Transcribing. Family Practice, 25(2), 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ fampra/cmn003
- Baker, T. A., & Wang, C. C. (2006). Photovoice: Use of a participatory action research method to explore the chronic pain experience in older adults. Qualitative Health Research, 16(10), 1405–1413. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732306294118
- Bazeley, P. (2013). Managing and preparing data for analysis. In Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies (pp. 63–92).
- Berezin, M., & Eads, A. (2016). Risk is for the rich? Childhood vaccination resistance and a Culture of Health. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 165, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.009
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
- Caliandro, A. (2018). Digital methods for ethnography: Analytical concepts for ethnographers exploring social media environments. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 47(5), 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241617702960
- Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC: SAGE.
- Cook, K., Jack, S., Siden, H., Thabane, L., & Browne, G. (2014). Innovations in research with medically fragile populations: Using bulletin board focus groups. The Qualitative Report, 19(39), 14.
- Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. L. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (Fourth edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Boston: SAGE.
- Cox, S., & Guillemin, M. (2018). Enhancing meaning-making in research through sensory engagement with material objects. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 20.
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- De Vecchi, N., Kenny, A., Dickson-Swift, V., & Kidd, S. (2017). Exploring the process of digital storytelling in mental health research: A process evaluation of consumer and clinician experiences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917729291. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1609406917729291
- DiCicco"Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
- Elliott, V. (2018). Thinking about the coding process in qualitative data analysis. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 14.
- Giarelli, E., & Tulman, L. (2003). Methodological issues in the use of published cartoons as data. Qualitative Health Research, 13(7), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732303253545
- Gregory, K. (2018). Online communication settings and the qualitative research process: Acclimating students and novice researchers. Qualitative Health Research, 28(10), 1610–1620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318776625
- Guest, G., Namey, E. E., & Mitchell, M. L. (2013). Collecting qualitative data: A field manual for applied research. Los Angeles: Sage.
- Hammersley, M. (2010). Reproducing or constructing? Some questions about transcription in social research. Qualitative Research, 10(5), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1468794110375230
- Harvey, S. A. (2018). Observe before you leap: Why observation provides critical insights for formative research and intervention design that you'll never get from focus groups, interviews, or KAP surveys. Global Health: Science and Practice, 6(2), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00328
- Heilferty, C. M. (2011). Ethical considerations in the study of online illness narratives: A qualitative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(5), 945–953. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05563.x
- Heinonen, K. (2015). Van Manen's method and reduction in a phenomenological hermeneutic study. Nurse Researcher, 22(4), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.4.35.e1326
- Jacelon, C. S., & Imperio, K. (2005). Participant diaries as a source of data in research with older adults. Qualitative Health Research, 15(7), 991–997.
- Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.3.214
- Lapadat, J. C. (2000). Problematizing transcription: Purpose, paradigm and quality. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13645570050083698
- Luciani, M., Campbell, K., Tschirhart, H., Ausili, D., & Jack, S. M. (2019). How to design a qualitative health research study. Part 1: Design and purposeful sampling considerations. Professioni Infermieristiche, 72(2), 152–161.
- Markle, D. T., West, R. E., & Rich, P. J. (2011). Beyond transcription: Technology, change, and refinement of method. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12.
- Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (2016). Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
- McGrath, C., Palmgren, P. J., & Liljedahl, M. (2018). Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews. Medical Teacher, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X .2018.1497149
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publications.
- Morgan, D. L., Ataie, J., Carder, P., & Hoffman, K. (2013). Introducing dyadic interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data. Qualitative Health Research, 23(9), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313501889
- Morse, J. M. (2012). Qualitative health research: Creating a new discipline. Walnut Creek, Calif: Left Coast Press.
- Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732315588501
- Mulhall, A. (2003). In the field: Notes on observation in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(3), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02514.x
- Nicolescu, G. (2019). Keeping the elderly alive: global entanglements and embodied practices in long-term care in southeast italy. Anthropology & Aging, 40(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.5195/aa.2019.202
- O'Reilly, M., & Parker, N. (2013). "˜Unsatisfactory saturation': A critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 13(2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112446106
- Orr, E., Jack, S., Sword, W., Ireland, S., & Ostolosky, L. (2017). Understanding the blogging practices of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF): A discourse analysis of women's IVF blogs. The Qualitative Report, 22(8), 2206–2230.
- Paterno, M. T., Low, M., Gubrium, A., & Sanger, K. (2018). Mothers and mentors: Exploring perinatal addiction and recovery through digital storytelling. Qualitative Health Research, 1049732318777474. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732318777474
- Phillippi, J., & Lauderdale, J. (2018). A guide to field notes for qualitative research: Context and conversation. Qualitative Health Research, 28(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317697102
- Richards, L. (2015). Handling qualitative data: A practical guide (3. ed). London: Sage Publ.
- Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). README FIRST for a user's guide to qualitative methods (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Sale, J. E. M., Marwah, A., Naeem, F., Yu, W., & Meadows, L. (2019). Evidence of patient beliefs, values, and preferences is not provided in osteoporosis clinical practice guidelines. Osteoporosis International, 30(7), 1325–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-04913-y
- Sargeant, S., & Gross, H. (2011). Young people learning to live with inflammatory bowel disease: working with an "unclosed" diary. Qualitative Health Research, 21(10), 1360–1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311407211
- Thorne, S. (2014). Applied interpretive approaches. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199811755.013.002
- Thorne, S. (2016). Interpretive description: Qualitative research for applied practice (Second edition). New York, NY London: Routledge.
- Varpio, L., & McCarthy, A. (2018). How a needs assessment study taught us a lesson about the ethics of educational research. Perspectives on Medical Education, 7(S1), 34–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-017-0356-y
- Wright, A., Wahoush, O., Ballantyne, M., Gabel, C., & Jack, S. (2016). Qualitative health research involving indigenous peoples: culturally appropriate data collection methods. The Qualitative Report, 21(12), 2230–2245.
- Yi-Frazier, J. P., Cochrane, K., Mitrovich, C., Pascual, M., Buscaino, E., Eaton, L., ... Malik, F. (2015). Using Instagram as a modified application of photovoice for storytelling and sharing in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1372–1382. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1049732315583282
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). Los Angeles: SAGE.
- Zhang, A. J., Albrecht, L., & Scott, S. D. (2018). Using twitter for data collection with health-care consumers: A scoping review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1609406917750782. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691 7750782
Riferimenti
Abildgaard, M. S. (2018). My whole life in telephones: material artifacts as interview elicitation devices. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1609406918797795. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918797795
Bailey, J. (2008). First steps in qualitative data analysis: Transcribing. Family Practice, 25(2), 127–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ fampra/cmn003
Baker, T. A., & Wang, C. C. (2006). Photovoice: Use of a participatory action research method to explore the chronic pain experience in older adults. Qualitative Health Research, 16(10), 1405–1413. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732306294118
Bazeley, P. (2013). Managing and preparing data for analysis. In Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies (pp. 63–92).
Berezin, M., & Eads, A. (2016). Risk is for the rich? Childhood vaccination resistance and a Culture of Health. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 165, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.009
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40.
Caliandro, A. (2018). Digital methods for ethnography: Analytical concepts for ethnographers exploring social media environments. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 47(5), 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241617702960
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC: SAGE.
Cook, K., Jack, S., Siden, H., Thabane, L., & Browne, G. (2014). Innovations in research with medically fragile populations: Using bulletin board focus groups. The Qualitative Report, 19(39), 14.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. L. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (Fourth edition). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Boston: SAGE.
Cox, S., & Guillemin, M. (2018). Enhancing meaning-making in research through sensory engagement with material objects. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 20.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
De Vecchi, N., Kenny, A., Dickson-Swift, V., & Kidd, S. (2017). Exploring the process of digital storytelling in mental health research: A process evaluation of consumer and clinician experiences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917729291. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1609406917729291
DiCicco"Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
Elliott, V. (2018). Thinking about the coding process in qualitative data analysis. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 14.
Giarelli, E., & Tulman, L. (2003). Methodological issues in the use of published cartoons as data. Qualitative Health Research, 13(7), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732303253545
Gregory, K. (2018). Online communication settings and the qualitative research process: Acclimating students and novice researchers. Qualitative Health Research, 28(10), 1610–1620. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318776625
Guest, G., Namey, E. E., & Mitchell, M. L. (2013). Collecting qualitative data: A field manual for applied research. Los Angeles: Sage.
Hammersley, M. (2010). Reproducing or constructing? Some questions about transcription in social research. Qualitative Research, 10(5), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1468794110375230
Harvey, S. A. (2018). Observe before you leap: Why observation provides critical insights for formative research and intervention design that you'll never get from focus groups, interviews, or KAP surveys. Global Health: Science and Practice, 6(2), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00328
Heilferty, C. M. (2011). Ethical considerations in the study of online illness narratives: A qualitative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(5), 945–953. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05563.x
Heinonen, K. (2015). Van Manen's method and reduction in a phenomenological hermeneutic study. Nurse Researcher, 22(4), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.4.35.e1326
Jacelon, C. S., & Imperio, K. (2005). Participant diaries as a source of data in research with older adults. Qualitative Health Research, 15(7), 991–997.
Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.3.214
Lapadat, J. C. (2000). Problematizing transcription: Purpose, paradigm and quality. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13645570050083698
Luciani, M., Campbell, K., Tschirhart, H., Ausili, D., & Jack, S. M. (2019). How to design a qualitative health research study. Part 1: Design and purposeful sampling considerations. Professioni Infermieristiche, 72(2), 152–161.
Markle, D. T., West, R. E., & Rich, P. J. (2011). Beyond transcription: Technology, change, and refinement of method. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12.
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (2016). Designing qualitative research (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
McGrath, C., Palmgren, P. J., & Liljedahl, M. (2018). Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews. Medical Teacher, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X .2018.1497149
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage Publications.
Morgan, D. L., Ataie, J., Carder, P., & Hoffman, K. (2013). Introducing dyadic interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data. Qualitative Health Research, 23(9), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313501889
Morse, J. M. (2012). Qualitative health research: Creating a new discipline. Walnut Creek, Calif: Left Coast Press.
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732315588501
Mulhall, A. (2003). In the field: Notes on observation in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(3), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02514.x
Nicolescu, G. (2019). Keeping the elderly alive: global entanglements and embodied practices in long-term care in southeast italy. Anthropology & Aging, 40(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.5195/aa.2019.202
O'Reilly, M., & Parker, N. (2013). "˜Unsatisfactory saturation': A critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 13(2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112446106
Orr, E., Jack, S., Sword, W., Ireland, S., & Ostolosky, L. (2017). Understanding the blogging practices of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF): A discourse analysis of women's IVF blogs. The Qualitative Report, 22(8), 2206–2230.
Paterno, M. T., Low, M., Gubrium, A., & Sanger, K. (2018). Mothers and mentors: Exploring perinatal addiction and recovery through digital storytelling. Qualitative Health Research, 1049732318777474. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732318777474
Phillippi, J., & Lauderdale, J. (2018). A guide to field notes for qualitative research: Context and conversation. Qualitative Health Research, 28(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317697102
Richards, L. (2015). Handling qualitative data: A practical guide (3. ed). London: Sage Publ.
Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). README FIRST for a user's guide to qualitative methods (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Sale, J. E. M., Marwah, A., Naeem, F., Yu, W., & Meadows, L. (2019). Evidence of patient beliefs, values, and preferences is not provided in osteoporosis clinical practice guidelines. Osteoporosis International, 30(7), 1325–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-04913-y
Sargeant, S., & Gross, H. (2011). Young people learning to live with inflammatory bowel disease: working with an "unclosed" diary. Qualitative Health Research, 21(10), 1360–1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311407211
Thorne, S. (2014). Applied interpretive approaches. In P. Leavy (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199811755.013.002
Thorne, S. (2016). Interpretive description: Qualitative research for applied practice (Second edition). New York, NY London: Routledge.
Varpio, L., & McCarthy, A. (2018). How a needs assessment study taught us a lesson about the ethics of educational research. Perspectives on Medical Education, 7(S1), 34–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-017-0356-y
Wright, A., Wahoush, O., Ballantyne, M., Gabel, C., & Jack, S. (2016). Qualitative health research involving indigenous peoples: culturally appropriate data collection methods. The Qualitative Report, 21(12), 2230–2245.
Yi-Frazier, J. P., Cochrane, K., Mitrovich, C., Pascual, M., Buscaino, E., Eaton, L., ... Malik, F. (2015). Using Instagram as a modified application of photovoice for storytelling and sharing in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1372–1382. https://doi.org/10.1177 /1049732315583282
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). Los Angeles: SAGE.
Zhang, A. J., Albrecht, L., & Scott, S. D. (2018). Using twitter for data collection with health-care consumers: A scoping review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1609406917750782. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691 7750782