Distraction as  a technique to control pain in pediatric patients during venipuncture. A narrative review of literature

Carlo Vetri Buratti; Francesco Angelino; Julita Sansoni; Loredana Fabriani; Lucia Mauro; Roberto Latina

Scarica

PDF

Statistica

Leggi contatore : 3425 Scarica : 1786

Abstract

Introduction: Distraction is a non-pharmacological intervention aimed to reduce procedural pain in children. Venipuncture is one of the most widely used diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in pediatric patients. Analgesia during venipuncture may be efficiently achieved with distracting techniques. Objective: To describe active and passive distraction techniques to reduce distress in children undergoing venipuncture. Method: Data from CINHAL, PubMed, ILISI and Cochrane's databases were used to review existing literature and primary and secondary studies published between 2003 and 2014 were included. Queries were obtained with keywords such as distraction, complementary therapies, pain, pediatric, the Boolean operators AND and OR were used. Results: Twenty eligible articles out of the one hundred and forty-three retrieved (20/143) were selected; among these there were 3 systematic and 5 narrative reviews, 11 experimental and quasi-experimental studies and 1 observational study. Active and passive distraction techniques seemed extremely effective to reduce distress and pain in children undergoing venipuncture. Modest evidence of efficacy and absent side effects support this approach. Conclusion: Further RCTs are needed to compare the different types of existing active and passive distraction techniques. The presence of parents and the location where painful procedures are administered should be included in the assessment of this approach. Keywords: Venipuncture, Pain, Child, Nurse, Distrazione e CAM (Complementary Alternative Medicine)

RIASSUNTO

Introduzione: La distrazione è un intervento non farmacologico in grado di ridurre l'intensití del dolore procedurale nei bambini. Tra le procedure maggiormente diffuse, la venipuntura è una di quelle maggiormente applicate in area pediatrica, per scopi diagnostici e terapeutici. L'analgesia durante la venipuntura può essere efficacemente raggiunta con tecniche di distrazione. Obiettivo: descrivere l'efficacia delle tecniche di distrazione attiva e passiva per la riduzione del dolore, nei bambini sottoposti a venipuntura. Metodi: è stata realizzata una revisione della letteratura consultando i database CINHAL, PubMed, ILISI e Cochrane. Sono stati inclusi tutti studi primari e secondari pubblicati dal 2003 al 2013, utilizzando le query ottenute con le parole chiave distraction, complemetary therapies, pain, pediatric con l'operatore booleano AND e OR. Risultati: sono stati inclusi nella revisione 20 articoli eleggibili su un totale di 143 risultati analizzati, tra cui 3 revisioni sistematiche, 5 revisioni narrative, 11 studi sperimentali e quasi sperimentali, 1 studio osservazionale. In esse emerge come la distrazione, attiva e passiva è indicata sui bambini durante la venipuntura, al fine di ridurre il dolore. Tale approccio è supportato da modeste prove di efficacia e da assenti effetti collaterali. Conclusioni: sono necessari ulteriori RCT per confrontare l'efficacia dei diversi tipi di distrazione attiva e passiva, integrando la presenza dei genitori e le caratteristiche dei luoghi ove cui vengono realizzate le procedure dolorose.

Keywords: Venipuncture, Pain, Child, Nurse,Disctracion, CAM (Complementary Alternative Medicine)

Come citare

Vetri Buratti, C., Angelino, F., Sansoni, J., Fabriani, L., Mauro, L., & Latina, R. (2015). Distraction as a technique to control pain in pediatric patients during venipuncture. A narrative review of literature. PROFESSIONI INFERMIERISTICHE, 68(1). Recuperato da https://www.profinf.net/pro3/index.php/IN/article/view/140

Scarica citazione

Riferimenti

Agarwal, A., Sinha, P., & Tandon, M. (2005). Evaluation of efficacy of Valsava on venous cannulation pain; a prospective, randomized study. Anaesth Analg (101), 1230 - 1232.
Alhani, F., Shad, H., Anoosheh, M., & Hajizadeh, E. (2010). The Effect of Programmed Distraction on the Pain Caused by Venipuncture among Adolescents on Hemodialysis. Pain Manag Nurs, 11 (2), 85-91 - DOI:10.1016/j.pmn.2009.03.005.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. (2001). The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 108 (3), 793-797.
Anand, K., Aranda, J., Berde, C., S, B., EV, C., W, C., et al. (2006). Summary proceedings from the neonatal pain-control group. Pediatrics, 117 (3 Pt 2), S9-S22.
Arts, S., Abu-Saad, H., Champion, G., Crawford, M., Fisher, R., Juniper, K., et al. (1994). Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics , 93 (5), 797-801.
Bagnasco, A., Pezzi, E., Rosa, F., Fornoni, L., & Sasso, L. (2012). Distraction techniques in children during venipuncture: an Italian experience. J Prev Med Hyg , 53 (1), 44-48 - http://www.jpmh.org/issues/ 201253109.pdf.
Bellieni, C. V., Cordelli, D. M., Raffaelli, M., Ricci, B., Morgese, G., & Buonocore, G. (2006). Analgesic effect of watching TV during venipuncture. Arch Dis Child, 91 (12), 1015-1017 - DOI:10.1136/adc.2006.097246.
Caprilli, S., Anastasi, F., Grotto, R., Abeti, M., & Messeri, A. (2007). Interactive music as a treatment for pain and stress in children during venepuncture: a randomized prospective study. J Dev Behav Pediatr , 28 (5), 399-403.
Cassidy, K., Reid, G., McGrath, P., Finley, G., Smith, D., Morley, C., et al. (2002). Watch needle, watch TV: Audiovisual distraction in preschool immunization. Pain Med , 3 (2), 108-118.
Cavender, K., Goff, M. D., Hollon, E. C., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2004). Parents' Positioning and Distracting Children During Venipuncture. J Holist Nurs , 22 (1), 32-56 - DOI:10.1177/0898010104263306.
Crowley, M., Storer, A., Heaton, K., Naccarato, M., Proehl, J., Moretz, J., et al. (2011). Emergency Nursing Resource: Needle-Related Procedural Pain in Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Nurs , 37 (3), 246-251 - DOI:10.1016/j.jen.2011.02.013.
Dowling, J. (2002). Humor: a coping strategy for pediatric patients. Pediatr Nurs , 28 (2), 123-131.
Drendel, A., Brousseau, D., & Gorelick, M. (2006). Pain assessment for pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatrics , 117 (5), 1511-1518.
Duff, A. (2003). Incorporating psychological approaches into routine paediatric venepuncture. Arch Dis Child , 88 (10), 931-937.
Ellis, J., Sharp, D., Newhook, K., & Cohen, J. (2004). Selling Confort: A survey of interventions for needle procedures in a pediatric hospital. Pain Manag Nurs , 5, 144 -152.
Fain, J. A. (2013). Reading, Understanding, and Applying Nursing Research (IV ed.). F.A. DaviS Company.
Fazio, F. (2010). Il Trattamento non farmacologico del dolore. Ministero della Salute (Italia) .
French, G., Painter, E., & Coury, D. (1994). Blowing away shot pain: A technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics , 93, 384-388.
Gilboy, S., & Hollywood, E. (2009). Helping to alleviate pain for children having venepuncture. Paediatr Nurs , 21 (8), 14-19 - http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010430963&lang=it&site=ehost-live.
Goldman, R., Narula, N., Klein-Kremer, A., Finkelstein, Y., & Roqovik, A. (2008). Predictors for opioid analgesia administration in children with abdominal pain presenting to the emergency department. Clin J Pain , 24 (1), 11-15.
Grunau, R., Holsti, L., & Peters, J. (2006). Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Fed , 11 (4), 268-275.
Gupta, D., Agarwal, A., Dhiraaj, S., Tandon, M., Kumar, M., Singh, R., et al. (2006). An evaluation of efficacy of ballon inflation on venous cannulation pain in children: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg , 102 (5), 1372-1375 - DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000205741.82299.d6.
Hamilton, J. (1995). Needle phobia: a neglected diagnosis. J Farm Pract , 41 (2), 169-175.
Haraldstad, K., Sí¸rum , R., Eide, H., Natvig, G., & Helseth, S. (2011). Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents' perception, a school survey. Scand J Caring Sci , 25 (1), 27-36.
Hasanpour, M., Tootoonchi, M., Aein, F., & Yadegafar, G. (2006). The effects of two nonpharmacologic pain management methods for intramuscular injection pain in children. Acute Pain , 8, 7-12.
Hoffman, H., Doctor, J., Patterson, D., Carrougher, G., & Furness, T. (2000). Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain , 85 (1-2), 305-309.
Inal, S., & Kelleci, M. (2012). Distarcting children during blood draw: looking through distraction cards is effective in pain relief of children during blood draw. Int J Nurs Pract , 18 (2), 210-219 - DOI:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2012.02016.x.
International Association for the Study of Pain. (2012). Tratto da Declaration of Montréal, Declaration that Access to Pain Management Is a Fundamental Human Right: http://www.iasp-pain.org/ AM/Template.cfm?Section=About_IASP3&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=1608
Jeffs, D., Wrigth, C., Scott, A., Kaye, J., Green, A., & Huett, A. (2011). Soft on Sticks: An Evidence-Based practice Approach to Reduce Children's Needlestick Pain. J Nurs Care Qual , 26 (3), 208-215 - DOI:10.1097/NCQ.0b013e31820e11de.
Joint Commission Resources, Joint Commission International. (2010). Approaches to pain management. An essential guide for clinical leaders (II ed.).
June, K., & Cho, S. (2011). Low back pain and work-related factors among nurses in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs , 20 (3-4), 479-87.
Kleiber, C., & Harper, D. (1999). Effects of distraction on children's pain and distress during medical procedures: a meta-analysis. Nurs Res , 48 (1), 44-49.
Kolk, A., Van Hoof, R., & Fiedeldij Dop, M. (2000). - Preparing children for venepuncture. The effect of an integrated intervention on distress before and during venepuncture. Child Care Healt Dev. , 26 (3), 251-260.
Legge 15 Marzo 2010, n.38. (s.d.). Tratto da Disposizioni per garantire l'accesso alle cure palliative e alla terapia del dolore: http://www.parlamento.it/ parlam/leggi/10038l.htm
Lessi, E., Biasutto, M., & Ferrazzo, M. (2011). Il dolore da venipuntura nel bambino: il beneficio della distrazione con audiovisivi. It J Pediatr Nurs Sci , 3 (2), 43-47.
MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L. (2005). A Comparison of Distraction Strategies for Venipuncture. J Pediatr Psychol , 30 (5), 387-396.
Manimala, R., Blount, R., & Cohen, L. (2000). The effects of parental reassurance vs. distraction on child distress and coping during immunizations. Child Health Care , 29, 161-177.
Mason, S., Johnson, M., & Wooley, C. (1999). A comparison of distractors for controlling distress in young children during medical procedures. J Clin Psychol Med Settings , 6, 239-248.
McCaffery, M. (1990). Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control. Int J Nurs Stud , 27, 1-5.
McCarthy, A., & Kleiber, C. (2006). A conceptual model of factors influencing children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches. J Pediatr Nurs , 21 (2), 88-98.
Messeri, A., Benini, F., Papacci, P., & Gangemi, M. (2010). Il Trattamento non farmacologico del dolore. Ministero della Salute (Italia) , 39-48.
Mosiman, W., & Pile, D. (2013). Emerging Therapies in Pediatric Pain Management. J Infus Nurs , 36 (2), 98-106.
Murphy, G. (2009). Distraction tecniques for venepuncture: a rewiew. Pediatr Nurs , 21 (3), 18-20 - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru e&db=rzh&AN=2010257107&lang=it&site=ehost-live.
Naletto, M., & Da Col, U. (2010). Gestione del disagio da venipuntura in etí pediatrica. Revisione recente della letteratura. It J Pediatr Nurs Sci , 2 (4), 119-123.
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. (1997). Prevention and Control of Pain in Children. A manual for health care professionals. London: BMJ Publishing Group.
Sander Wint, S., Eshelman, D., Steele, J., & Guzzetta, C. (2002). Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum , 29 (1), 8-15.
Schechter, N., Allen, D., & Hanson, K. (1986). . Status of pediatric pain control: A comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults. Pediatrics , 77, 11-15.
Sinha, M., Christopher, N., Fenn, R., & Reeves, L. (2006). Evaluation of nonpharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the paediatric emergency department. Pediatrics , 117 (4), 1162-1168.
Societí Italiana di Medicina dell'Emergenza Urgenza pediatrica. (2012). Tratto da http://www.simeup.com/?page_id=150
Stinson, J., Yamada, J., Dickson, A., Lamba, J., & Stevens, B. (2008). Review of systematic reviews on acute procedural pain in children in the hospital setting. Pain res manag , 13 (1), 51-57 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670810/.
Taddio, A., Appleton, M., Bortolussi, R., Chambers, C., Dubey, V., Halperin, S., et al. (2010). Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ , 182 (18), 43-55.
Tak, J., & Van Bon, W. (2006). Pain-and distress-reducing interventions for venepunctrure in children. Child Care Health Dev , 32 (3), 257-258 - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009191070&lang=it&site=ehost-live.
Tufekci, F., í‡elebioÄŸlu, A., & Kí¼í§í¼koÄŸlu, S. (2009). Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venipuncture. J Clin Nurs , 18 (15), 2180-2186 - DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02775.x.
Uman, L., Birnie, K., Noel, M., Parker, J., Chambers, C., McGrath, P., et al. (2013). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10), Art. No.: CD005179. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub3.
Vassey, J., & Carlson, K. (1996). Nonpharmacological interventions to use with children in pain. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs , 19, 169-182.
Vassey, J., Carison, K., & McGill, J. (1994). Use of distraction withchildren during an acute pain procedure. Nurs Res , 43, 369-372.
Wang, Z. X., Sun, L. H., & Chen, A. P. (2008). The efficacy of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in shool age children receiving venepunctrure in a paediatric department: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and routine psycohlogical intervention. Swiss Med Wkly , 138 (39-40), 579-584.
Wente, S. J. (2013). Non pharmacologic pediatric pain management in emergency departments: a systematic Review of the literature. J Emerg Nurs , 39 (2), 140-150 - DOI:10.1016/j.jen.2012.09.011.
Willock, K., Richardson, J., & Brazier, A. (2004). Peripheral venepuncture in infants and children. Nurs Stand , 18, 43-50.
Wong, D., & Baker, C. (1988). Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs , 14 (1), 9-17.
Yoo, H., Kim, S., Hur, H. K., & Kim, H. S. (2011). The effect of an animation distraction intervention on pain response of preschool children during venipuncture. Appl Nurs Res , 24 (2), 94-100 - DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2009.03.005.

Riferimenti

Agarwal, A., Sinha, P., & Tandon, M. (2005). Evaluation of efficacy of Valsava on venous cannulation pain; a prospective, randomized study. Anaesth Analg (101), 1230 - 1232.

Alhani, F., Shad, H., Anoosheh, M., & Hajizadeh, E. (2010). The Effect of Programmed Distraction on the Pain Caused by Venipuncture among Adolescents on Hemodialysis. Pain Manag Nurs, 11 (2), 85-91 - DOI:10.1016/j.pmn.2009.03.005.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. (2001). The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 108 (3), 793-797.

Anand, K., Aranda, J., Berde, C., S, B., EV, C., W, C., et al. (2006). Summary proceedings from the neonatal pain-control group. Pediatrics, 117 (3 Pt 2), S9-S22.

Arts, S., Abu-Saad, H., Champion, G., Crawford, M., Fisher, R., Juniper, K., et al. (1994). Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation. Pediatrics , 93 (5), 797-801.

Bagnasco, A., Pezzi, E., Rosa, F., Fornoni, L., & Sasso, L. (2012). Distraction techniques in children during venipuncture: an Italian experience. J Prev Med Hyg , 53 (1), 44-48 - http://www.jpmh.org/issues/ 201253109.pdf.

Bellieni, C. V., Cordelli, D. M., Raffaelli, M., Ricci, B., Morgese, G., & Buonocore, G. (2006). Analgesic effect of watching TV during venipuncture. Arch Dis Child, 91 (12), 1015-1017 - DOI:10.1136/adc.2006.097246.

Caprilli, S., Anastasi, F., Grotto, R., Abeti, M., & Messeri, A. (2007). Interactive music as a treatment for pain and stress in children during venepuncture: a randomized prospective study. J Dev Behav Pediatr , 28 (5), 399-403.

Cassidy, K., Reid, G., McGrath, P., Finley, G., Smith, D., Morley, C., et al. (2002). Watch needle, watch TV: Audiovisual distraction in preschool immunization. Pain Med , 3 (2), 108-118.

Cavender, K., Goff, M. D., Hollon, E. C., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2004). Parents' Positioning and Distracting Children During Venipuncture. J Holist Nurs , 22 (1), 32-56 - DOI:10.1177/0898010104263306.

Crowley, M., Storer, A., Heaton, K., Naccarato, M., Proehl, J., Moretz, J., et al. (2011). Emergency Nursing Resource: Needle-Related Procedural Pain in Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Nurs , 37 (3), 246-251 - DOI:10.1016/j.jen.2011.02.013.

Dowling, J. (2002). Humor: a coping strategy for pediatric patients. Pediatr Nurs , 28 (2), 123-131.

Drendel, A., Brousseau, D., & Gorelick, M. (2006). Pain assessment for pediatric patients in the emergency department. Pediatrics , 117 (5), 1511-1518.

Duff, A. (2003). Incorporating psychological approaches into routine paediatric venepuncture. Arch Dis Child , 88 (10), 931-937.

Ellis, J., Sharp, D., Newhook, K., & Cohen, J. (2004). Selling Confort: A survey of interventions for needle procedures in a pediatric hospital. Pain Manag Nurs , 5, 144 -152.

Fain, J. A. (2013). Reading, Understanding, and Applying Nursing Research (IV ed.). F.A. DaviS Company.

Fazio, F. (2010). Il Trattamento non farmacologico del dolore. Ministero della Salute (Italia) .

French, G., Painter, E., & Coury, D. (1994). Blowing away shot pain: A technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics , 93, 384-388.

Gilboy, S., & Hollywood, E. (2009). Helping to alleviate pain for children having venepuncture. Paediatr Nurs , 21 (8), 14-19 - http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2010430963&lang=it&site=ehost-live.

Goldman, R., Narula, N., Klein-Kremer, A., Finkelstein, Y., & Roqovik, A. (2008). Predictors for opioid analgesia administration in children with abdominal pain presenting to the emergency department. Clin J Pain , 24 (1), 11-15.

Grunau, R., Holsti, L., & Peters, J. (2006). Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Fed , 11 (4), 268-275.

Gupta, D., Agarwal, A., Dhiraaj, S., Tandon, M., Kumar, M., Singh, R., et al. (2006). An evaluation of efficacy of ballon inflation on venous cannulation pain in children: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg , 102 (5), 1372-1375 - DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000205741.82299.d6.

Hamilton, J. (1995). Needle phobia: a neglected diagnosis. J Farm Pract , 41 (2), 169-175.

Haraldstad, K., Sí¸rum , R., Eide, H., Natvig, G., & Helseth, S. (2011). Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents' perception, a school survey. Scand J Caring Sci , 25 (1), 27-36.

Hasanpour, M., Tootoonchi, M., Aein, F., & Yadegafar, G. (2006). The effects of two nonpharmacologic pain management methods for intramuscular injection pain in children. Acute Pain , 8, 7-12.

Hoffman, H., Doctor, J., Patterson, D., Carrougher, G., & Furness, T. (2000). Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain , 85 (1-2), 305-309.

Inal, S., & Kelleci, M. (2012). Distarcting children during blood draw: looking through distraction cards is effective in pain relief of children during blood draw. Int J Nurs Pract , 18 (2), 210-219 - DOI:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2012.02016.x.

International Association for the Study of Pain. (2012). Tratto da Declaration of Montréal, Declaration that Access to Pain Management Is a Fundamental Human Right: http://www.iasp-pain.org/ AM/Template.cfm?Section=About_IASP3&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=1608

Jeffs, D., Wrigth, C., Scott, A., Kaye, J., Green, A., & Huett, A. (2011). Soft on Sticks: An Evidence-Based practice Approach to Reduce Children's Needlestick Pain. J Nurs Care Qual , 26 (3), 208-215 - DOI:10.1097/NCQ.0b013e31820e11de.

Joint Commission Resources, Joint Commission International. (2010). Approaches to pain management. An essential guide for clinical leaders (II ed.).

June, K., & Cho, S. (2011). Low back pain and work-related factors among nurses in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs , 20 (3-4), 479-87.

Kleiber, C., & Harper, D. (1999). Effects of distraction on children's pain and distress during medical procedures: a meta-analysis. Nurs Res , 48 (1), 44-49.

Kolk, A., Van Hoof, R., & Fiedeldij Dop, M. (2000). - Preparing children for venepuncture. The effect of an integrated intervention on distress before and during venepuncture. Child Care Healt Dev. , 26 (3), 251-260.

Legge 15 Marzo 2010, n.38. (s.d.). Tratto da Disposizioni per garantire l'accesso alle cure palliative e alla terapia del dolore: http://www.parlamento.it/ parlam/leggi/10038l.htm

Lessi, E., Biasutto, M., & Ferrazzo, M. (2011). Il dolore da venipuntura nel bambino: il beneficio della distrazione con audiovisivi. It J Pediatr Nurs Sci , 3 (2), 43-47.

MacLaren, J., & Cohen, L. (2005). A Comparison of Distraction Strategies for Venipuncture. J Pediatr Psychol , 30 (5), 387-396.

Manimala, R., Blount, R., & Cohen, L. (2000). The effects of parental reassurance vs. distraction on child distress and coping during immunizations. Child Health Care , 29, 161-177.

Mason, S., Johnson, M., & Wooley, C. (1999). A comparison of distractors for controlling distress in young children during medical procedures. J Clin Psychol Med Settings , 6, 239-248.

McCaffery, M. (1990). Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control. Int J Nurs Stud , 27, 1-5.

McCarthy, A., & Kleiber, C. (2006). A conceptual model of factors influencing children's responses to a painful procedure when parents are distraction coaches. J Pediatr Nurs , 21 (2), 88-98.

Messeri, A., Benini, F., Papacci, P., & Gangemi, M. (2010). Il Trattamento non farmacologico del dolore. Ministero della Salute (Italia) , 39-48.

Mosiman, W., & Pile, D. (2013). Emerging Therapies in Pediatric Pain Management. J Infus Nurs , 36 (2), 98-106.

Murphy, G. (2009). Distraction tecniques for venepuncture: a rewiew. Pediatr Nurs , 21 (3), 18-20 - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru e&db=rzh&AN=2010257107&lang=it&site=ehost-live.

Naletto, M., & Da Col, U. (2010). Gestione del disagio da venipuntura in etí pediatrica. Revisione recente della letteratura. It J Pediatr Nurs Sci , 2 (4), 119-123.

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. (1997). Prevention and Control of Pain in Children. A manual for health care professionals. London: BMJ Publishing Group.

Sander Wint, S., Eshelman, D., Steele, J., & Guzzetta, C. (2002). Effects of distraction using virtual reality glasses during lumbar punctures in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum , 29 (1), 8-15.

Schechter, N., Allen, D., & Hanson, K. (1986). . Status of pediatric pain control: A comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults. Pediatrics , 77, 11-15.

Sinha, M., Christopher, N., Fenn, R., & Reeves, L. (2006). Evaluation of nonpharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the paediatric emergency department. Pediatrics , 117 (4), 1162-1168.

Societí Italiana di Medicina dell'Emergenza Urgenza pediatrica. (2012). Tratto da http://www.simeup.com/?page_id=150

Stinson, J., Yamada, J., Dickson, A., Lamba, J., & Stevens, B. (2008). Review of systematic reviews on acute procedural pain in children in the hospital setting. Pain res manag , 13 (1), 51-57 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670810/.

Taddio, A., Appleton, M., Bortolussi, R., Chambers, C., Dubey, V., Halperin, S., et al. (2010). Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ , 182 (18), 43-55.

Tak, J., & Van Bon, W. (2006). Pain-and distress-reducing interventions for venepunctrure in children. Child Care Health Dev , 32 (3), 257-258 - http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=2009191070&lang=it&site=ehost-live.

Tufekci, F., í‡elebioÄŸlu, A., & Kí¼í§í¼koÄŸlu, S. (2009). Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venipuncture. J Clin Nurs , 18 (15), 2180-2186 - DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02775.x.

Uman, L., Birnie, K., Noel, M., Parker, J., Chambers, C., McGrath, P., et al. (2013). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10), Art. No.: CD005179. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub3.

Vassey, J., & Carlson, K. (1996). Nonpharmacological interventions to use with children in pain. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs , 19, 169-182.

Vassey, J., Carison, K., & McGill, J. (1994). Use of distraction withchildren during an acute pain procedure. Nurs Res , 43, 369-372.

Wang, Z. X., Sun, L. H., & Chen, A. P. (2008). The efficacy of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in shool age children receiving venepunctrure in a paediatric department: a randomized controlled trial of audiovisual distraction and routine psycohlogical intervention. Swiss Med Wkly , 138 (39-40), 579-584.

Wente, S. J. (2013). Non pharmacologic pediatric pain management in emergency departments: a systematic Review of the literature. J Emerg Nurs , 39 (2), 140-150 - DOI:10.1016/j.jen.2012.09.011.

Willock, K., Richardson, J., & Brazier, A. (2004). Peripheral venepuncture in infants and children. Nurs Stand , 18, 43-50.

Wong, D., & Baker, C. (1988). Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs , 14 (1), 9-17.

Yoo, H., Kim, S., Hur, H. K., & Kim, H. S. (2011). The effect of an animation distraction intervention on pain response of preschool children during venipuncture. Appl Nurs Res , 24 (2), 94-100 - DOI:10.1016/j.apnr.2009.03.005.

Distraction as a technique to control pain in pediatric patients during venipuncture. A narrative review of literature

Barra laterale dell'articolo

Contenuto dell'articolo principale

Abstract

Dettagli dell'articolo

Riferimenti

Riferimenti