Contenuto dell'articolo principale
Abstract
Scopo: Nella letteratura infermieristica internazionale compassion e compassionate care hanno assunto una notevole importanza e si rivelano essere un fenomeno in divenire. Il concetto di compassionate nursing care risulta poco descritto ed oggettivato nella pratica infermieristica nel nostro Paese. Scopo di questo studio è stato di descrivere le esperienze di un campione di infermieri italiani circa il significato di cure infermieristiche compassionevoli.
Metodo: È stato condotto uno studio qualitativo. Per la raccolta dei dati sono stati utilizzati i focus group, per analizzare i dati trascritti è stata utilizzata l'analisi di contenuto (Graneheim, & Lundman, 2004). Per lo studio è stato individuato un campione propositivo di 21 infermieri, di questi 15 hanno dato la disponibilití a partecipare.
Risultati e discussione: Tutti i partecipanti hanno espresso liberamente le loro opinioni. Dall'analisi dei dati relativi alle quattro aree indagate con i focus group (definizione, la propria esperienza, tipologie di pazienti e formazione alle cure infermieristiche compassionevoli) sono emersi aspetti contrastanti che variano da accezioni negative e negazione dei termini stessi a significati positivi di amore, carití , empatia, supporto, sostegno, relazione. Interessante ed innovativo è stato l'attribuire l'insegnamento delle cure compassionevoli ai parenti.
Conclusioni: E' risultato difficile per i partecipanti dare una definizione precisa sul significato di cure infermieristiche compassionevoli. E' emersa la necessití e il desiderio di approfondire questo tema che risulta essere originale e un punto di forza per migliorare l'assistenza infermieristica. Infatti, puntare al recupero di questi valori educando gli infermieri ad erogare cure infermieristiche compassionevoli può sicuramente rappresentare un'implicazione futura per la professione.
Parole chiave: compassione, cure infermieristiche compassionevoli, nursing, focus group.
Compassionate nursing care: the experience of italian nurses
Aim: In international nursing literature "compassion" and "compassionate care" has acquired a considerable importance and it's considered to be a growing phenomenon. The approach to the application of compassionate care to patients is clearly not well-defined in Italian nursing. The aim of this study is to define what compassionate care is through the analysis of Italian nurses' experiences.
Method: The research is based on a qualitative method. Content analysis was used to analyze the transcript data (Graneheim, & Lundman, 2004). The research has been carried out by creating three focus groups, for a total of 15 nurses.
Results: All the participants expressed their opinions freely. The outcomes of the analysis can be grouped in four areas: definition of compassion and compassionate care; categorisation of patients; provision of care; and formation and training in compassionate care. The survey has shown contrasting opinions, negative opinions such as feelings of rejections and positive opinions such as love, charity, empathy and support. The last one (support) in particular has highlighted the importance of involving the patient's relatives in providing compassionate care.
Conclusions: It is difficult to define exactly the meaning of compassion and compassionate care.This study has contributed to extend and deep the current knowledge in regard of the concept of compas-sionate care applied to assistance entities. Further research is needed in the field of compassionate care to strength the effectiveness of assistance provided by nurses.
Key words: compassion; compassionate care; nursing, focus group.
Dettagli dell'articolo
Riferimenti
- Adamson, L. (2013). Lessons in compassion. A study of what see as compassionate care can guide nursing students on placement. Nursing Standard, 27 (48),64-64.
- Ballantyne, H. (2013). Compassionate care. Nursing Standard, 28(15), 60-61. Brown, B., Crawford, P., Gilbert, P., & Kvangarsnes, M. (2014). The design of compassionate care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(23-24), 3589-3599.
- Burnell, L. (2013). Compassionate Care: A Concept Analysis. Journal Rank, 21(5), 319-324.
- Craighero, L. (2010). Neuroni specchio. Bologna: Il Mulino.
- Crawford, P., Gilbert, J., Gale, K., Gilbert, P., & Harvey, K. (2013). The language of compassion in acute mental Health care. Qualitative Health Research, 23 (6), 719-727.
- Cummings, J., & McPhail, S. (2014). Compassion in practice: a contagious condition. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 8(11), 544-549.
- Curtis, K., Horton, K., & Smith, P. (2012). Student nurse socialization in compassionate practice: A grounded theory study. Nurse education today, 32(7), 790-795.
- Davison, N., & Williams, K. (2009). Compassion in nursing 1: defining, identifying and measuringthis essential quality. Nursing Times, 105(36), 16-17.
- Davidson, R., & Begley S. (2013). La vita emotiva del cervello. Milano: Salani Editore. Department of Health (2010). From line care: report by the Prime Ministers Commission on the Future of Nursing and Midwifery in England. London: The Stationary Office.
- Dewar, B. (2013). Cultivating compassionate care. Nursing standard, 27(34), 48-55. Dewar, B., Adamson, E., & Smith, S. (2013). Clarifying misconceptions about compassionate care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(8), 1738–1747.
- Dewar, B., & Nolan, M. (2013). Caring about caring: Developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centered care in an older people care setting. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 1247–1258.
- Fassino, S. (2009). Empatia e strategie dell'incoraggiamento nel processo di cambiamento. Psicologia Individuale, 66, 49-63.
- Firth-Cozens, J., & Cornwell, J. (2009). The Point of Care; enabling compassionate care in acute hospital settings. London: King's Fund. Gallese, V. (2003). La molteplice natura delle relazioni interpersonali. Networks 1, 24-47.
- Gerrard, S., Janet, E., Fischel, MB., Bily, L., Chandran, L., Joyce, J., Locicero, B., McGovern, K., McKeefrey, RL., Rodriguez, JV., & Roess, MW. (2014). Routine, empathic and compassionate patient care: definitions, development, obstacles, education and beneficiaries. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 20, 872–880.
- Graneheim, U.H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and misures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24: 105-112.
- Gilbert, P. (2014). La terapia focalizzata sulla compassione. Caratteristiche distintive. Milano: Franco Angeli.
- Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15: 1277-1288.
- Martins, D., Nicholas, N.A., Shaheen, M., Jones, L., & Norris, K. (2013). The development and evaluation of a compassion scale. Nursing Standards, 24(3), 1235-1246.
- Milner, J. (2003). Compassionate care nursing with meaning: incorporating holism into nursing practice. Chart, Journal of Illinois Nursing, 100, 4–6.
- Oprandi, M.C. (2001 ). Focus Group. Breve compendio teorico-pratico. Padova: emme&erre libri. Pittman, M. (2012). True compassion is about knowing how to treat people as individuals. Nursing standard, 26(23), 32-33.
- Roud, P.C. (1990). Making Miracles: an exploration into the dynamics of self healing. Wellingbor-ought, England Thorson. Citato in Selezione dal Reader's Digest, settembre 1997.
- Sanghavi, D.M. (2006). What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship? Joint Com-mission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 32(5), 283-292.
- Schulz, R., Hebert, R.S., Dew, M.A., Brown, S.L., Scheier, M.F., Beach, S.R., Czaja, S.J., Martire, L.M., & Burnell, L. (2013). Compassionate Care: A Concept Analysis. Journal Rank, 21(5), 319-324.
- Smajdor, A. (2013). Should compassionate practice be incentivized? Nursing Times, 109 (49-50), 18-19. Van Der Cingel, M. (2009). Compassion and professional care: exploring the domain. Nursing Philosophy, 10(2), 124–136.
- Von Dietze, E., & Orb, A. (2000). Compassionate care: a moral dimension of nursing. Nursing Inquiry,7(3), 166-174.
- Wiklund, G. L., & Wagner, L. (2013). The butterfly effect of caring – clinical nursing teachers' understanding of self-compassion as a source to compassionate care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 27(1), 175-183
Riferimenti
Adamson, L. (2013). Lessons in compassion. A study of what see as compassionate care can guide nursing students on placement. Nursing Standard, 27 (48),64-64.
Ballantyne, H. (2013). Compassionate care. Nursing Standard, 28(15), 60-61. Brown, B., Crawford, P., Gilbert, P., & Kvangarsnes, M. (2014). The design of compassionate care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(23-24), 3589-3599.
Burnell, L. (2013). Compassionate Care: A Concept Analysis. Journal Rank, 21(5), 319-324.
Craighero, L. (2010). Neuroni specchio. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Crawford, P., Gilbert, J., Gale, K., Gilbert, P., & Harvey, K. (2013). The language of compassion in acute mental Health care. Qualitative Health Research, 23 (6), 719-727.
Cummings, J., & McPhail, S. (2014). Compassion in practice: a contagious condition. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 8(11), 544-549.
Curtis, K., Horton, K., & Smith, P. (2012). Student nurse socialization in compassionate practice: A grounded theory study. Nurse education today, 32(7), 790-795.
Davison, N., & Williams, K. (2009). Compassion in nursing 1: defining, identifying and measuringthis essential quality. Nursing Times, 105(36), 16-17.
Davidson, R., & Begley S. (2013). La vita emotiva del cervello. Milano: Salani Editore. Department of Health (2010). From line care: report by the Prime Ministers Commission on the Future of Nursing and Midwifery in England. London: The Stationary Office.
Dewar, B. (2013). Cultivating compassionate care. Nursing standard, 27(34), 48-55. Dewar, B., Adamson, E., & Smith, S. (2013). Clarifying misconceptions about compassionate care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(8), 1738–1747.
Dewar, B., & Nolan, M. (2013). Caring about caring: Developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centered care in an older people care setting. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 1247–1258.
Fassino, S. (2009). Empatia e strategie dell'incoraggiamento nel processo di cambiamento. Psicologia Individuale, 66, 49-63.
Firth-Cozens, J., & Cornwell, J. (2009). The Point of Care; enabling compassionate care in acute hospital settings. London: King's Fund. Gallese, V. (2003). La molteplice natura delle relazioni interpersonali. Networks 1, 24-47.
Gerrard, S., Janet, E., Fischel, MB., Bily, L., Chandran, L., Joyce, J., Locicero, B., McGovern, K., McKeefrey, RL., Rodriguez, JV., & Roess, MW. (2014). Routine, empathic and compassionate patient care: definitions, development, obstacles, education and beneficiaries. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 20, 872–880.
Graneheim, U.H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and misures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24: 105-112.
Gilbert, P. (2014). La terapia focalizzata sulla compassione. Caratteristiche distintive. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Hsieh, H.F., & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15: 1277-1288.
Martins, D., Nicholas, N.A., Shaheen, M., Jones, L., & Norris, K. (2013). The development and evaluation of a compassion scale. Nursing Standards, 24(3), 1235-1246.
Milner, J. (2003). Compassionate care nursing with meaning: incorporating holism into nursing practice. Chart, Journal of Illinois Nursing, 100, 4–6.
Oprandi, M.C. (2001 ). Focus Group. Breve compendio teorico-pratico. Padova: emme&erre libri. Pittman, M. (2012). True compassion is about knowing how to treat people as individuals. Nursing standard, 26(23), 32-33.
Roud, P.C. (1990). Making Miracles: an exploration into the dynamics of self healing. Wellingbor-ought, England Thorson. Citato in Selezione dal Reader's Digest, settembre 1997.
Sanghavi, D.M. (2006). What makes for a compassionate patient-caregiver relationship? Joint Com-mission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 32(5), 283-292.
Schulz, R., Hebert, R.S., Dew, M.A., Brown, S.L., Scheier, M.F., Beach, S.R., Czaja, S.J., Martire, L.M., & Burnell, L. (2013). Compassionate Care: A Concept Analysis. Journal Rank, 21(5), 319-324.
Smajdor, A. (2013). Should compassionate practice be incentivized? Nursing Times, 109 (49-50), 18-19. Van Der Cingel, M. (2009). Compassion and professional care: exploring the domain. Nursing Philosophy, 10(2), 124–136.
Von Dietze, E., & Orb, A. (2000). Compassionate care: a moral dimension of nursing. Nursing Inquiry,7(3), 166-174.
Wiklund, G. L., & Wagner, L. (2013). The butterfly effect of caring – clinical nursing teachers' understanding of self-compassion as a source to compassionate care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 27(1), 175-183